Coccidiosis

is a parasitic disease in poultry caused by various species of the protozoan parasite Eimeria. These parasites affect the intestinal tract of birds, leading to damage to the gut lining, reduced nutrient absorption, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), weight loss, decreased egg production, and in severe cases, death.

Prevention and management of coccidiosis involve several strategies:

Hygiene: Maintain a clean environment to minimize exposure to oocysts (the infective stage of the parasite).

Biosecurity: Limit exposure of birds to potential carriers of the parasite, including wild birds and contaminated equipment.

Anticoccidial Medications: Use medications or feed additives known as coccidiostats to control the parasites. 

Vaccination: Live vaccines can help to build immunity against specific strains of Eimeria.

Nutrition: Ensure birds receive a balanced diet to support their immune system and minimize stress, as stress can make them more susceptible to infections.

It's crucial to work with a poultry health specialist to create a comprehensive prevention and treatment plan tailored to your flock. Regular monitoring for signs of coccidiosis and prompt action if an outbreak occurs are essential to minimize its impact on poultry health and productivity

Necrotic enteritis

is another significant disease in poultry caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, particularly strains that produce toxins. It affects the intestinal tract, leading to necrosis (death of tissue) and inflammation, which can result in severe economic losses in the poultry industry.

Several factors can contribute to the development of necrotic enteritis:

Coccidiosis: Coccidial infections can damage the intestinal lining, creating an environment favorable for Clostridium perfringens to proliferate.

Poor Hygiene: Contaminated environments and improper sanitation practices can facilitate the spread of the bacteria.

Stress: Factors such as overcrowding, sudden dietary changes, or other stressors weaken the bird's immune system, making them more susceptible to infections.

Preventing necrotic enteritis involves various strategies:

Biosecurity Measures: Implement strict biosecurity protocols to prevent the introduction and spread of the bacterium.

Proper Hygiene: Maintain clean housing and equipment, proper waste management, and sanitation practices.

Diet Management: Proper formulation of diets to minimize the risk of promoting bacterial growth.

Vaccination: Vaccines of Clostridium perfringens may help prevent the disease.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections

can cause various health issues and economic losses in poultry farming. E. coli is a common bacterium that normally resides in the intestinal tract of birds. However, certain strains of E. coli can become pathogenic and lead to infections, particularly under conditions of stress, poor hygiene, or immunosuppression. Here are key aspects of E. coli infections in broilers:

Clinical Signs:

  1. Colibacillosis: E. coli infections in broilers are often referred to as colibacillosis, which may cause respiratory distress, reduced appetite and poor growth. Lesions seen at post mortem are airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis and peritonitis.
  2. Respiratory Signs:
    • Sneezing and coughing.
    • Respiratory distress.
  3. Digestive Signs:
    • Diarrhea.
    • Reduced feed intake.
    • Weight loss.
    • Dehydration.
  4. Joint Swelling:
    • Swelling of joints, leading to lameness.
  5. General Signs:
    • Depression and lethargy.

Treatment:

  1. Antibiotics:
    • Antibiotic therapy is often used to control E. coli infections. Selection of antibiotics should be based on sensitivity testing to ensure effectiveness.

Prevention and Control:

  1. Biosecurity:

    • Strict biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of E. coli.
    • Proper cleaning and disinfection of the poultry house.

  2. Vaccination:

    • Some poultry farms use autogenous vaccines, which are prepared from isolates taken from the farm. Commercial vaccines are also available.

  3. Management Practices:

    • Optimal environmental conditions to minimize stress.
    • Adequate ventilation and temperature control.
    • Proper nutrition to support the immune system.

  4. Water Sanitation:

    • Regular cleaning and sanitation of water sources.